Hate Crimes Against African Americans - 1616 Words

Hate Crimes Against African Americans R. Jamal Brown University of Phoenix Com/156 August 26, 2012 David Bliss Hate Crimes Against African Americans Hate crimes have affected African Americans in more ways than just violence; therefore, our government needs to approach hate crimes differently. Aside of the fact that the United States has elected the first African American president, hate crimes has still occurred before and during his presidency. Of the 7,624 hate crimes committed in 2007 alone, 2,659 of those hate crimes were done on African Americans (Hate Crimes Against African Americans, 2012). From the history of slavery, lynching, murders, the burning of crosses and churches, to the brutality that police officers have committed on†¦show more content†¦Stereotyping is a worldwide illness that has placed judgment on black men and women to the point that they are limited to opportunity and advancement in the working world and the political environment. Although we are no longer in the 19th century, hate crimes are still much alive in the 21st century. In late August, early September 2006, an African American student of Jena High School located in Jena, Louisiana asked if he could sit under a tree on campus that was commonly known for only white students to sit under (Christie, 2008). The very next day after the African American student sat under that specific tree, three nooses were hanging from the tree. The school principal of Jena High School found out that three white students were responsible for this incident. Even though expulsion was recommended for the three white students, the superintendent of the school only suspended them for three days. Because of the ongoing racial tension, in December 2006, a fight broke from a White student taunting some Black students supporting the incident of the nooses being hung from the tree in the school courtyard (Christie, 2008). The White student was badly beaten and had to be hospitalized. The African American students were later charged with attempted murder and conspiracy. The African American students were between the ages of 15 and 17, facing up to 100 years in prison without parole. African American residents of Jena, Louisiana statedShow MoreRelatedThe Violence Of Racial Hate Crimes Against African Americans Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pageslead to violence in some, if not most cases. Hate crimes are crimes or actions motivated by certain disagreements among groups that typically involve some form of violence. This essay will discuss the violence in racial hate crimes against African Americans, because the violence in these hate crimes, both past and present, will help educate ind ividuals about different racial perspectives on the claimed â€Å"unfair† or â€Å"unequal† treatment of the African American race compared to the treatment of whites inRead MoreLesbian, Gay, Bisexual, And Transgender1675 Words   |  7 Pagesadjust to society once they have identified themselves as being gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. In 2013, law enforcement agencies had reported 5,928 hate crime incidents, 20.8 percent were motivated by sexual orientation, and 60.6 percent were identified as gay male-targeted bias. Gay males is one of the main targets to a hate crime, only because the offender is trying to send out a message to that particular individual and as well as the gay community. LGBT community can be targeted basedRead MoreRacism in North America1353 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Imagine being hated, discriminated against or harassed just because of your skin colour, race, religion, culture or nationality. You may not think this is racism, but it is. My hope is that by the end of this speech you will try to put an end to racism when you hear it and when you see it. You see racism is a type of discrimination, probably one of the worst. Racism is like a revolting disease being passed down from generation to generation by vicious racists. UnfortunatelyRead MoreReverse Racism1020 Words   |  5 Pages2012 Melissa Reed Reverse Racism Racism has existed for thousands of years. Not too long ago African American people were segregated against based on the color of their skin. Leaders both white and black loss their lives so that there would be acceptance one day of all people as equal. Now in 2011 we have a Mixed President who on the census marked himself as African American not counting heritage of a Caucasian mother. Americans can now many whom they fall in love with however familyRead MoreI Call A Hate Crime1165 Words   |  5 Pagescall a hate crime. The reasoning I chose this social problem is for the fact that hate crimes have been going on for many years, and now it seems as if it has became an even bigger problem generally because this behavior is happening more frequently than before and difficult to prevent. Hate crimes is one of the main reasons individuals are afraid to be themselves because they are getting harmed just for being unique in their own way. In 2009 President Obama signed a law tha t would make hate crimeRead MoreRacial Tension At San Jose State University1159 Words   |  5 Pagesfamily members. My father and two brothers all being Caucasian, my mother and oldest brother are African American, and my littlest brothers and I are biracial. We don’t view each other any differently than brothers. Meeting new friends or family, it’s never been an issue for us. As we got older we began to see it more and more with relationships, sporting activities, also stereotyping African Americans with one another and Caucasian with each other. Searching through the internet, I came acrossRead MoreEssay on hate crimes661 Words   |  3 Pages Defining Hate Crimes Hate crimes has become an increasing problem here in the united states ranging from racial hatred to gender discrimination but what are hate crimes? According to Dr. Jack McDevitt, a criminologist at Northeastern University in Boston Hate crimes are message crimes, Hate crimes are defined as crimes that are violent act against people, property, or organizations because of the group to which they belong or identify with. The coined term â€Å"hate crimes† was first used No matterRead MoreHate Crimes Essay936 Words   |  4 Pagesare the roots of the violence/hate crimes today in our contemporary society? What can we do to reduce them? Explain. The world is full of HATE. What is this word? What makes someone HATE someone else enough to kill or harm another human being? Hate crimes are criminal actions intended to harm or intimidate people because of their race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, or other minority group status. They are also referred to as bias crimes. Hate crimes have been going on in the worldRead MoreHate Crime Essay1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe term hate crime developed in the early 1980s by reporters and government officials such as John Conyers and Mario Biaggi. Even though the interest of hate crimes has increased in recent developments, it has deep historic roots that dates back into time. Statistics of U.S. history has shown that assaults, murders, and acts of vandalism has stemmed from hatred. The first hate crime victims were Native Americans and since then almost all U.S. immigrants have been exposed to violence, discriminationRead MoreRacism, Violence, And Poisoning Media845 Words   |  4 Pageshave fully lived up to Dr. King s vision of a land where each person would be judged by the content of their character, rather than the color of their skin. According to the history of nations and what we are living today, racism continues building hate, violence, and poisoning media. Race is a significant social issue because people use racial differences as the basis for discrimination. Much of today s racism can be traced to the era of colonialism that began in the 1400s. Racism is the systematic

Narrative Essay Example - 1235 Words

Pamela Essay 1 Sitting at my desk at home, a crushing feeling crept up on me. I didn’t know what to think. I’m not going to make it, am I. It was already midway through junior year of high school, and having just calculated my GPA requirements for many of the colleges I had wanted to go to, I realized that my grades were not even close to what I expected them to be. I guess I had been in denial for so long that I let them slip this far. How could I have let this happen? Where was my mind when I needed to study and do homework? Why did so many stupid things like watching T.V. or going out with friends or just mindlessly waste my time on the internet? I felt an awful combination of disappointment, anger, panic, and frustration.†¦show more content†¦I worked so much harder. I began to pay attention in class, studied my notes everyday instead of cramming the night before the test, participated in class, did my extra credit, and gave it my all. Soon, people began to notic e. My friends said I looked and acted stronger, more driven. My teachers said they noticed my improvement, saying things such as: â€Å"I’ve noticed the change in effort you’ve been putting in my class, I’m very impressed.† â€Å"You’re test grades have gotten higher, keep up the good work!† These observations from my teachers and peers satisfied me, but what truly made everything worth it were my grades. In every class I took, my grades shot up at least 10 percent from the previous semester. I actually learned things in my classes instead of carelessly writing down notes to spit all the information out on a test before I would quickly and surely forget it. For once, I was actually happy with my schoolwork. Things were finally working out how I planned it to be. I felt accomplishment that my hard work finally paid off, but I still kept in mind that my original goals were still far from reach. Nevertheless, I was happy about all the things I had changed and improved in the short amount of time I had left. When I first realized my grades were below my expectations and that I wouldn’t be able to go to the school of my dreams, I was devastated, but at the end, after I worked hard and got the grades I wanted, I was okay with it. I trulyShow MoreRelatedNarrative Essay Examples1072 Words   |  5 Pages Narrative Essay As times goes on you, realize life isn’t all it seems to be. You learn life lessons and certain life events teach you things that can lead to you improving yourself as a person. As you realize most things in life are provided to you, you never truly realize how much everything can mean. As teenagers most of us are immature and do not realize how easy it is for us to lose everything we have. As we could lose everything and anything in a matter of seconds if we are not careful. Read MoreAn Example of a Narrative Essay818 Words   |  4 Pages-1Crystal D. Dozier Narrative Essay November 13, 2007 Word count: 809 My Little Blessings Children have a tendency to bring out the very best in people. I can say I have been fortunate to have four little blessings of my own. I consider each of them as a blessing and each day I am reminded of how much they mean to me. My children have brought out the best in me--parts that I never knew existed. As children grow, so do parents. I have evolved into a better person with the courage to overcomeRead MoreNarrative Essay Examples818 Words   |  4 PagesNarrative Essay I step my foot into public school for the first time ever my freshman year, not knowing a single person other than my brother. Prior to my freshman year, I was homeschooled. The school feels really big at the time and it’s very overwhelming. As I walk around I see people hugging, reuniting, and saying, â€Å"oh my gosh I have missed you!† All I am worrying about is what people are thinking of me like, does she have any friends, or she looks like a loner. I am getting nervous andRead MoreLiteracy Narrative Essay example800 Words   |  4 Pagesmakes sense. To better explain let me make a comparison. When I am assigned a writing assignment or I am writing because the action is being forced upon me I find myself not enjoying the process and overall the end result is subpar. The perfect example of this would be my junior year in high school when I was enrolled in AP english literature. I dreaded the majority of the class simply because there was so much writing involved in the entire course and therefore I was constantly writing just toRead MoreLiteracy Narrative Essay example854 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst time I had to write a narrative. I was a freshman. This was Ms. Bradley’s first time teaching at Union Christian Academy. On her first day, she gave us our syllabus and said, â€Å"I do not accept late work, especially on writing assignments.† We, literally, sat there stunned. My freshman class had it very easy during eighth grade year. We were not expecting this. As I looked through the syllabus, I saw that our firs t assignment was due in a week and it was a narrative. At this time, I did notRead MoreThe Runaway Narrative Essay Examples1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Runaway- 3,000 words max. FIRST PERSONNNNN SLAM. The door frame sounds to struggle from concaving under the pressure of the overemotional hand. I stand. Dumb and appalled at the sight. Hysterically I see her fall to her knees with complete lack of control as horrifically ear piercing screams protrude from deep within her lungs. The scene is dramatic, and I suddenly realise why these kinds of scenes are made slow in movies. There’s just so much happening that your brain literally slows theRead MoreFreesia: A Narrative Fiction Essay example1372 Words   |  6 Pages Music floated through the brisk cold air from the open window of the music school looking over the peaceful lake where families and young lovers basked in the morning gentle rays. The spring flowers, which were gently swaying in the breeze as their petals reached toward the sky while enamoring the hearts of poets and painters alike and the flowers blushed at the attention they received from the young children who’s greedy hands yearned to clutch the colorful beings in their dirty little handsRead MoreGreed: A Fictional Narrative Essay examples2012 Words   |  9 PagesThe snow floated down from the heavens on to earth painting glistening white. Just like the named implied whitechapel was covered in a blanket of white. Catherine Eddowes walked home she spots the local newspaper boy passing out informationâ€Å"Hey Missus, care for this mornings paper?† â€Å"Yes, boy, how many pounds will this be?† replies Catherine Eddowes. †Just one pound, Missus.† â€Å"Thank you, boy.† She says as she throws the coin to the lad. The boy hides the coin in his hat. The news articles statesRead More I-Search Narrative Essay example1954 Words   |  8 PagesI-Search Narrative At the tender age of two I moved from a development in the town of Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania to the vast stretches of farmland that make up the area between Mechanicsburg and the neighboring town of Dillsburg. It was not a big move distance-wise, but it would forever change my life. If I would have stayed where I was I would have went to a different high school, had a different set of friends, and who knows where I would be today. While I did not know it at the time, (IRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein - Narratives of Seduction Essay example997 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein:nbsp;nbsp;Narratives of Seductionnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp; The following essay is concerned with the frame structure in Mary Shelley`s Frankenstein and its’ functions as it is suggested by Beth Newman`s Narratives of seduction and the seduction of narratives.nbsp; To start with, the novel Frankenstein is a symmetrically built frame narrative with a story at its center. This is not always the case with frame structured novels, as there are examples without a proper

Symbolism in “Country Lovers” Free Essays

A Forbidden Love: Thebedi and Paulus Jennifer Boozer ENG 125: Introduction to Literature Instructor: Kristina Stutler March 24, 2013 Country Lovers by Nadine Gordimer is a short story centered around the theme of forbidden love between the two main characters Paulus and Thebedi. They met when they were kids, as Thebedi used to work on Paulus’ father’s farm. They used to sneak out and meet at the river bed. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in â€Å"Country Lovers† or any similar topic only for you Order Now After Paulus went off to veterinary school, Thebedi had his baby. When Paulus came back for the summer he heard of her baby being light skinned and killed it so that no one would ever know that it was his baby. The story’s theme of forbidden love is strengthened by Gordimer’s use of symbolism, imagery, and local color. Symbolism is a key element contributing to the story’s theme. One symbol that repeats itself in Country Lovers is the â€Å"gilt hoop ear-rings† that Paulus gives to Thebedi when they were young (as cited in Clugston, 2010). The earrings are a symbol for their love together. Even after Paulus killed their baby girl, Thebedi still wore them when she accused him of â€Å"pouring liquid into the baby’s mouth† (as cited in Clugston, 2010). Even in her hysteric situation, she still wore those earring that Paulus gave to her. She wore them again when they went to trial. This leads me to believe that after all was said and done, she still loved Paulus, even though she knew they could never be together. Another symbol that is relevant to the theme is their baby. Their baby was living proof that they were in love with each other. After seeing the baby with his own eyes, Paulus seemed to have panicked; anyone who looked at this child would know that it was not Njabulo’s. Njabulo was Thebedi’s husband who was the â€Å"opaque coffee-grounds colour that had always been called black [†¦] the same colour of Thebedi’s face† (as cited in Clugston, 2010). They would know that the father of this child was a white man. In their culture, it was socially unacceptable to have interracial relationships. Paulus felt he had to get rid of the baby, and he did. Imagery also contributes to the theme of forbidden love. One day Thebedi and Paulus met at the riverbed. Gordimer noted that the girls that Paulus went to school with would swim in bikinis and they never made him feel like Thebedi did â€Å"when [she] came up the bank and sat beside him, the drops of water beading off her dark legs the only points of light in the earth-smelling deep shade† (as cited in Clugston, 2010). The image of Thebedi, a regular African American girl, making Paulus feel like he had never felt before contributes to the theme of forbidden love. Local color is another literary element that strengthens the theme in Country Lovers. Local color is defined as â€Å"unique images, realistic dialog and true-to-life descriptions to fully portray people and life in the region where the story will occur† (Clugston, 2010, ch 6. 1, para 1). In this story, local color is demonstrated in the first paragraph when Gordimer discusses the relationship between the black and white children changes as they grow up. They play together up until they go to school but then after that, the white children do not play with them anymore â€Å"even in the the holidays† (as cited in Clugston, 2010). The white children are apparently oblivious to how society thinks they should act toward black children. It was not until after they went to school did they learn that they are superior to the black race. It is very important to use different literary elements to strengthen a story so that the reader’s attention can be grasped. It is beneficial to the reader when the author uses elements such as symbolism, imagery, and local color because it allows the reader to put his or herself inside the story and feel the forbidden love that Paulus and Thebedi experienced. References Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into Literature. Retrieved from: https://content. ashford. edu/books/AUENG125. 10. 2/sections/ch00 How to cite Symbolism in â€Å"Country Lovers†, Papers

The term Postmodernism Essay Paper Example For Students

The term Postmodernism Essay Paper Modernism sought the sacrifice of beauty for the pursuit of functionality, but under postmodernism, there is an understanding that aesthetics and functionality can coexist. IKEA furniture for example minimalist space saving functionality merged with aesthetics. Finally, another significant feature of postmodernism is the celebration of difference rather than good or bad. This concept rejects all moral principles. Writers like Kumar call it nihilism. Expansion of religious beliefs and local knowledge are some examples in the West. This has led to the emergence of political correctness and the acceptance of difference. Disability groups prefer to view difference as desirable more than acceptable. There is evidence to suggest that difference can sometimes bring confusion due to its ambiguous nature and through the variations of choice. For instance workplace diversity has resulted in greater numbers of people with disabilities entering the labour force. In this case, diversity has been desirable and seen as progressive in western societies. Alternatively, some differences such as religious practices can be seen as undesirable. One such example is the suspicion towards Islam in the Western world or some practices of female circumcision. Here it demonstrates how confusion arises in postmodern condition as tolerance towards difference spreads in uneven directions across societies. Postmodernism and post modernization Despite having discussed above the key features of postmodernism, it remains difficult to provide a clear stand-alone description. David Lyon (1999) has provided the most palatable explanation of postmodernism, taking into account modernism. He describes postmodernism as an evolving process between modernity and postmodernity. The process could be the extension of modernity or the collapse of modernity. Lyon suggests this process can incorporate this at the same time depending on the circumstance. Moreover, it means some elements of modernity can be abandoned while others are maintained. Lyon writes that postmodernism and post-modernity need to be viewed in terms of each other. Postmodernism refers to the cultural experience, while postmodernity he argues refers to the social experience. In the case of producing, consuming and distribution of symbolic goods, Lyon writes that this process merges the boundaries between hierarchies and systems of knowledge. Lyon explains the social and the cultural cannot exist without each other. However, Lyon is one of the writers to raise the following theoretical arguments on postmodernism. Modernism : dead or alive? Some critics like Crook et al, Connor Bertens and Natoli prefer to focus on how society is not modern to give an idea of what postmodernism is. Some critics like Baudrillard and Lyotard, argue that there is a clear end to modernism and beginning to postmodernism. These writers are vague about their description of postmodernism yet seem to debate the prevalence or death of modernity. Lyotard for instance thought that modernity was dead by explaining that Truth as a condition of modernity was replaced by performativity, or usefulness, a condition of postmodernism (Connor, 1989). Connor critiqued Lyotard by arguing utility was another form of rationalisation. Beaudrillard, who focussed on symbolism and consumer culture, wrote that the end of economy symbolised the end of modernity and described that modernity is losing all its substance for the pursuit of the superficial aesthetic (Kumar, 1995). Bertens and Natoli (2002) critiqued Baudrillards predominant concern with symbols over the real and referred to his exaggerated view of postmodernism as represented by symbolism as a hyper-reality. Postmodernism or late modernity? Some writers describe society and culture as late modernity while others prefer to describe it as postmodern. It is unclear that there is a difference between the two. Kumar describes postmodenism as the effect of key changes including sensitivity to difference in society and acceptance of pathological arguments. For Kumar, the dismantling of society does not equal the end of modernity. .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 , .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .postImageUrl , .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 , .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:hover , .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:visited , .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:active { border:0!important; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:active , .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63 .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucb2b008f84851ae64c8e0b4cfa96bf63:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Of Usury EssayDeconstructionist writers like Derrida and De Sassure focus on theories that fragment metanarratives or truth. Their focus is on plurality of knowledge by way of multiple interpretations of signs like those in mass media and consumer culture (Beaudrillard, 1988). In this way, it is no longer possible to utilise one narrative, as signs in consumer culture are pastiched and can provide plural meanings rather than contradictory ones. While for Baudrillard and Lyotard, plurality is the demise of the authentic and therefore the end of modernity, Kumar, describes the extension of modernity in saying the combination of many traditions to form a new, rather than rejection of the old tradition. (Kumar,1995,105) Kumar explains that it is not clear that postmodernity has begun, nor that modernity is clearly over. Rather than it being a clearly demarcated phase, it is described as unevenly loose process that is clearly happening where There is simply a more or less random directionless flux across all sections of society. (Kumar, 1995, 103). He perceives these changes to be consistent with postmodernism but realizes there is no guiding principle for the change as for example in Marxist theory and capitalism. Other key writers advocating for the relevance of modernism, are Smart, Lash Ury, Crook and Habermas. Crook (1992) critiques Habermas by arguing that we are in an advanced state of modernism or known as late modernism rather than postmodernism. He argues that if capitalism is associated with modernism, then advanced rationalisation and comodification can only mean we are in a high level of modernism. Crook prefers to sit more on the fence and although advises against nostalgia for modernism he explains it is too early to predict the postmodern condition but also premature to say modernism is over (Crook et al, 1992). Meta narratives like progress and rationality are still sought as the final end. To conclude this briefing, an understanding of postmodernism in the absence of a clearly guided definition has been provided. Potmodernism referred to the breakdown of modernity or at least the transformation of modernity. This briefing discussed that where modernism meant the embracing of universal truths like progress, reason and rationality, postmodernism could be seen in two ways; abandonment of the modern for the pursuit of a different approach or the extension of modernity. Under this scenario, I discussed the blurring of different knowledge. The question remains to be clarified as to whether western society is in a modern or postmodern reality. Given the Bush administrations post September 11 warfare, the pursuit for truth like freedom and liberty has widened the gap between modern and postmodern thinking at a global level and polarized those who believe in universal truths and those that do not.

The most important Turning Points in Nelson Mandelas Life Essay Example

The most important Turning Points in Nelson Mandelas Life Paper There were many turning points during Mandelas life, some more important than others. I have selected four of these that I think are the most important. The first step in his political career was joining the African National Congress in 1943. The ANC inspired Mandela to start his mission to improve the rights of black Africans, shaping the rest of his life, and also the lives of black Africans to this day. Joining the ANC was a very important step in his life, as he was taught determination, discipline and the right to stand up for his freedom. It also caused him to go on and be a founding member of the ANC Youth League. When Mandelas treason trial collapsed, Nelson grew more militant, and helped to launch a new branch off the ANC named Umkhonto we Sizwe, he planned to continue the struggle for the ANCs Campaign for the Defiance of Unjust Laws by force. Nelson was the chief, he had to travel around secretly, keeping ahead of those he knew were trying to arrest him. He underwent military training in different countries and made many personal friendships, friends that influenced him to be hard-liner. However, whilst in prison for leaving the country illegally, plans were found which outlined a strategy for guerrilla warfare in South Africa. This was a huge turning point in his life; instead of fighting peacefully he was building an army. If he hadnt turned this way, he would not have been put in jail for life. Whilst in prison, Mandelas reputation grew. The whole of Africa knew his name, this gave the ANC world recognition and even while in prison, Mandela continued to be a beacon of hope for his people who carried on the struggle against Apartheid in his absence. Mandela was very self disciplined and was able to effectively make himself the master of his own prison, managing to bend even the most brutal wardens to his will, with his intelligence and charm. In prison, Nelson did not lose his determination. If the guards told them to run, he insisted on walking. Nelsons character changed during his imprisonment, he became less militant, but was consistent and when he was released in February 1990 he was still fighting for the black Africans freedom. The last important turning point of his life was his release from prison in 1990 onwards. We will write a custom essay sample on The most important Turning Points in Nelson Mandelas Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The most important Turning Points in Nelson Mandelas Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The most important Turning Points in Nelson Mandelas Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer After release, he continued his efforts for freedom, winning the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize leading on to become president of South Africa in 94. Finally, blacks and whites in Africa were equal, and instead of the police force concentrating on apartheid, they clamped down on violence. Still, this day, Mandela remains a symbol of his country and plays an important role on the world stage today. Black Africans will never forget he who reshaped their country. Prisoners cannot enter into contracts. Only free men can negotiate.

Role of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development -an Opportunity for Innovation Essays

Role of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development -an Opportunity for Innovation Essays Role of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development -an Opportunity for Innovation Essay Role of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development -an Opportunity for Innovation Essay Role of Green Marketing in Sustainable Development -An Opportunity for Innovation * Mrs.. Kajal Maheshwari Abstract- â€Å"Sustainability is the mother lode of innovations that yield both bottomline and topline returns The most forward-thinking and progressive businesses today are seeing environmental issues as an opportunity to innovate and change how they operate their companies, how they develop new products, and how they relate to stakeholders in the marketplace. Environmentalists, too, are seeing an opportunity to collaborate with business. They are taking a more open-minded view toward the role that business can play in solving big problems. The best way to succeed in making sustainability a source of value is to drive it deep into the organization and broadly across the enterprise is to go Green. What we call smokestack or tailpipe industries - the energy businesses, utilities, oil and gas, transportation, chemicals - they had to tackle these issues because of the significant impact theyve had. But now we see retailers and technology companies and services companies and hospitality and all sorts of new sectors that are embracing sustainability because theyre finding value there. This article briefly give idea about the companies General Electric, General Motors, Chevrolet volt, Pfizer and Novartis, energy companies like BP, HCL etc. investing in Ramp;D amp; innovation in environmental amp; clean tech area. This article covers terms and concepts of green marketing, briefly discuss why going green is important and also examine some of the reason that organizations are adopting a green marketing philosophy. These days, only marketing doesnt seem to be working as well as it has in the past. For sustainability and growth a marketer has to consider innovative environment friendly trends It also focuses some of the opportunities and challenges in green marketing. Therefore, implementing green marketing is pivotal to the sustainable development of industry.

Bank Muscat is the chief financial services giver situated in Coursework

Bank Muscat is the chief financial services giver situated in Sultanate Oman in southwest Asia - Coursework Example The bank through its products and services to the customers has maintained a top position in the best banks in the region, for over six years. It has also received other rewards in the last several years to recognize its exemplary products and services (BANK MUSCAT 2012). The biggest achievements of Bank Muscat in the last few years are attributed to their strategic capabilities in the market. In addition, the bank’s exploitation of their market strengths results to well deserved competitive advantage over the other financial service providers (ALLARD 2004). Reports indicate that the bank’s capabilities lie in their ability to implement high levels of accounting standards, corporate governance, mergers and acquisitions, partnership and alliances, revolutionary products, and regulatory compliance. The accounting standards represent the principles that guide accounting practices. The International Accounting Principles (IAP) are accounting standards that are widely accept ed as apt to the field of accounting (GROSSMAN & LIVINGSTONE 2009). The Bank Muscat ensures that they maintain high levels of these standards that entail how the bank prepares and presents its business income and expenses, its assets and liabilities (STICKNEY 2010). As a result, the customers are attracted by the transparency provided by the bank regarding their operations. An increase in the number of customers served daily enhances the competitive advantage of the bank. As a result, an increase in the customer base enhances profitability for the bank in the long-run (ALLARD 2004). Corporate governance is the set of systems and principles used to govern an organization such as Bank Muscat. It offers the rules of how the organization can be controlled in order to achieve their objectives (BESLEY & BRIGHAM 2011). Furthermore, Bank Muscat has received several awards in the implementation of corporate governance. This is because corporate governance is done in a manner that adds value of the bank and proves beneficial to the stakeholders in the long-term (STEGER & AMANN 2008). The bank’s stakeholders include the shareholders, customers, management, and other individuals involved in the welfare of the organization. In 2012, Bank Muscat received the prestigious Hawkamah Bank Corporate Governance Award. The award honors the bank’s efforts of improving their corporate governance practices further than the legal and regulatory obligations imposed by their relevant jurisdictions. This entailed the introduction of an exceptional approach to various corporate governance areas and the corporate social responsibility. As a result, the employees work to their full potential thus providing excellent services to their customers. This leads to the creation of customer loyalty thus maintaining the banks competitive advantage over their competitors (EVANS 2002). Mergers and acquisitions, partnerships and alliances, are key Bank Muscat capabilities that have led to improved competitive advantage over competitors (BRUIJN 2002, COYLE 2000). It entails a corporate strategy that brings separate entities together to form larger business organizations (AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION 2006). It also involves the assimilation of smaller businesses to a large corporation to minimize competition. Bank Muscat has exercised the mergers and acquisition activity to continue amassing customers and increasing profitability

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Research Paper Example Unfortunately for all of the wonderful personal and societal freedoms that are protected, by the 1st Amendment, its protection also allows some questionable speeches, attitudes, and actions that may be less than deserving of that protection to continue. Some people today feel that certain forms of â€Å"freedom of speech† should be regulated, while others believe that it will only result in censorship and creep into areas where it should not be. However, the protection of freedom of speech is allowing things like bullying and hate crimes to continually slip through the cracks. For this reason it seems only ethical to reform the 1st Amendment to tackle these issues and continue to allow the spirit of freedom of speech to be maintained while making it harder and less legal to cause harm to others under the guise of freedom of speech. HISTORY The 1st Amendment reads â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances† (Michigan States University , 2013). ... When such cases where freedom of speech has been put into question the court must review the situation from a specific perspectives."Content neutrality" refers to the reality that the court cannot be involved in the government limiting the artistic expression of any American, even if that expression may be found objectionable by some viewers or listeners (America Civil Liberties Union, 2006). However, it should be made clear that the 1st Amendment refers to the government and political involvement in an issue’ this does not cover any and all applications of freedom of speech. For example no one is â€Å"consequence free† when they decide that their need for expression influences them to shout â€Å"fire!† in a crowded building when there is not one. Or for things one says at their job. The first Amendment cannot always be used as a means to protect ones employment and to gain a free pass for telling off their boss, arguing with employees, or bad-mouthing the comp any that they work for. The 1st Amendment does not cover private businesses only prevents the government from interfering (Freedman, 2012), DISCUSSION Our founding fathers did not intend that the Amendment would be used by those with ulterior motives to spreads propaganda, hate, and agendas filled with cruel words. They certainly did not think that people should be able to say whatever they feel like saying without any repercussions, after all the founding fathers believed that if another said false words against you could be taken to court and accuse them of slander. It is these instances that many Americans are beginning to believe require government intervention and regulation. While others admit

Data Analysis (Applied Research Method) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Data Analysis (Applied Research Method) - Essay Example Household public transport miles per week -0.202 -0.074 -0.085 -0.404* -0.176 0.558** Total leisure miles per household per year 0.584** 0.451* 0.424* 0.398* 0.397* -0.05 -0.161 Total household gas and electric bills per annum 0.498** 0.379 0.491** 0.313 0.544** 0.05 0.003 0.153 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed), *.Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). C2: Number of Negative Correlations Twelve out of 36 independent correlations are observed to be negative correlations. In which number of public transport users in household negatively correlates with total city CO2 emissions per household per annum, number of household members, average household income per annum, number of cars per household and household car miles per year i.e. r = -0.16, -0.12, -0.188, -0.443, -0.235 respectively. Similarly we observe that there re some more negative correlations like Household public transport miles per week verses total city CO2 emissions per household per annum, number of household members, average household income per annum, number of cars per household and household car miles per year i.e. r = -0.202, -0.074, -0.085, -0.404 and -0.176 respectively. Finally we observe that total leisure miles per household per year also negatively correlates with the variables number of public transport users in household and household public transport miles per week i.e. calculated as r = -0.0 5 and -0.161 respectively. C3: r = 0.889 is the most strongly correlated correlation value which has measured by household car miles per year verses total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. C4: Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). A correlation coefficient of r = 0.889 indicates a very good...r = -0.202, -0.074, -0.085, -0.404 and -0.176 respectively. Finally we observe that total leisure miles per household per year also negatively correlates with the variables number of public transport users in household and household public transport miles per week i.e. calculated as r = -0.05 and -0.161 respectively. C4: Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). A correlation coefficient of r = 0.889 indicates a very good linear relationship between household car miles per year and total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. Since r2 = 0.7903, we can say that about 79% of the variation in the household car miles per year is accounted for by a linear relationship with total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. C5: r = -0.16 is the least strongly correlated correlation coefficient value which has measured by number of public transport users in household verses total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. C6: Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). A correlation coefficient of r = -0.16 indicates a strongly weak linear relationship between number of public transport users in household and total suburban domestic CO2 kg emissions per household per annum. Bivariate

Local Labour In The Construction Industry

Local Labour In The Construction Industry Chapter 1 1.0 Introduction Malaysia is now experiencing a new era of prosperity. The government invented and implemented a series of five year development plans and laid the foundation for the development in the country. Since the 60s, Malaysias economy grew rapidly and many jobs were created in the construction industry. In the early of 90s, Malaysia is facing lack of labour and there was a shortage of labour in the manufacturing industries. The labour shortage then expanded to the construction industry. The economic growth in the past two decade has led to a higher standard of living which also contributed to the locals objection to the 3D (dirty, demeaning and dangerous) sectors, which were eventually filled up by unskilled foreign workers. Malaysia is too depend on foreign workers, especially in our services industry or 3D industry. This doesnt contribute much to our economy as most of the income received by these workers are channelled back to their home countries but not use in Malaysia. This also mean there are high cash outflow. The government consider foreign workers as a cheap source of labour that could enhance the countrys export competitiveness had been encouraging the deployment of foreign labour in the 1990s. Prof Datuk Dr Mohamed Ariff of the Malaysian Institute of Economic Research believes that if Malaysia had not allowed the massive influx of foreign workers, local manufacturers would have been forced to innovate and automate to boost productivity to maintain their competitiveness. (Kok, 2011) The governments effort in reducing the countrys dependence on low-skilled foreign workers has been ongoing, as evidenced in the gradual reduction in the number of registered foreign workers over the last two years. The target is to reduce the number of foreign workers to 1.5 million by 2015. Many economists feel that what Malaysia needs is skilled or highly skilled workers, not cheap, unskilled foreign workers. (Alan Ting, 2008) 1.1 Problem Statement Many foreign workers site nowadays getting more and more, as they have a big group, they starting to cause a lot of problem, especially social and security problems. Recently from The Star News (20th June 2007), happened that a group of foreigner involved in fights, widespread break-ins and drug pushing have become a common sight at Klang. According to Ahmad, 1996. To avoid these problem happened, Contractor should hire local workers, but local workers are not interested to undertake the construction works. Contractors argue that they no longer could find local workers willing to work in construction industry because the salaries are low. Besides, construction industry is viewed by local as 3Ds job which mean Dirty, Dangerous and Difficult job. Local youth nowadays has less interest to work in the construction industry. This can affect the speed of development in construction industry. The reason that local workforce is not interested on this sector is they think that the job is dirty, dangerous and difficult to face. Therefore it results the industry are forced to hire foreign workers to keep the industry develop. (Shiadri Binti Saleh, 2008) Secondly, the group of foreign workers hired by the industry basically unskilled, so contractor or his assistant need to teach and advice the foreign workers while constructing building.(P. Larcher, 2001) Besides, the unskilled and problematic workers will not only cause delay in project completion but also cause poor quality of works which is not meeting the industrys skill standard. (Bachan Singh, 2011) Nowadays, construction companies are learning to pay low wages often results in poor workmanship, which effects both the quality of the products being produced, as well as the companys overall reputation. Low-cost labour can translate into unskilled labour, and in order to remain competitive in todays global market, companies must keep pace with the continuous advances in technology. (Amber Keefer, 2012) Poor workmanship of foreign labour can cause defects. According to Kurt Arnold, defects are from poor workmanship devalue property and can lead to additional damage to structures and materials. Poor workmanship is frequently the root cause of construction defects. Even quality building products, if installed or used incorrectly, it may fail to effectively serve their intended purposes or last as long as they are designed to last. Due to Local young have less interest on construction industry, CIDB is working hard to attract more local skilled workers. The implementation of accredit skilled workers system was to maintain a high standard workforce. These workers will get higher salaries than normal labourers. 1.3 Aim To study the factor that led to the poor participation of local labour in the construction industry. 1.4 Objectives To identify the advantage and disadvantage of poor participation of local labour in the construction industry. To determine the factors that led to the poor participation of local labour in the construction industry. To find out the strategies to improve the participation of local labour in the construction industry. 1.5 Scope of Study Firstly, the questionnaire will be set out with about 30 questions and target to send out 100 sets. Then, the respondents that I am aiming is Contractor of Malaysia. To get a contractor which is easier to consult and can give more information, it would be Class A contractors . Class A contractors are chosen because the job scope of them are very wide (such as mostly on infrastructure) and the worker or labour require by them are a lot. So we can get information about what kind of labour he is using( local or foreign) and the reason they choose the type of workers. I will find contractor class A at KL area, because mostly the infrastructure project will be having there. Such as MRT project. Kuala Lumpur is a high developing area. So, there are much more infrastructure need to be completed by contractor class A. After collecting the data, then data will be analyzed by using statistical method to ease us compare and conclude the result. Finally, conclusion and recommendation can be make from the overall data collected and questionnaire. 1.6 The methodology flow chart Selected Topic of Study Statement of Problems Determine the Critical Factors Determine the Advantage and Disadvantage of Local Labour Conclusion Recommendation / suggestion Data Analysis Questionnaire Determine the strategy of Improvement Data Collection Literature Review Define Objectives 1.7 Significant of Study The study of the topic is mainly to identify the factor that lead to poor participation of local worker in construction industry, follow by the causes and the solution to attract more local people to the construction industry. This is important because factor can tell us that the problem and why the young today are not interested on construction industry. Next, we can know causes of the lack of participation of local people in construction industry. Such as, it can cause the industry over depending on foreign worker. Thus over hire foreign worker can cause a lot of thing to happen, such as, cultural pollution, social problem and even outflow of Malaysias money. After all of these are identified, then we can find some solutions to prevent or reduce happening of these. Besides, from this study, it enable me to learn more about Construction industry of Malaysia and the important of the support from local workforce. CHAPTER 2 2.1 Introduction In this chapter, we are discussing factors of influence the local labour less interested to work in construction industry. The thing to be discuss is related to image of a person, economy of country , outsourcing of labour through sub-contractor system, lack of training and skill formation, large number of foreign workers, poor site accommodations and services and change in education. 2.1.1 Skilled Labour According to Investopedia, skilled labour is defined as a segment of the workforce with a high skill level that creates significant economic value through the work performed (humad capital). Skilled labour is generally characterised by high education or expertise levels and high wages. Skilled labour involves complicated tasks that require specific skill sets, education, training and experience, and may involve abstract thinking. 2.1.2 Semi-Skilled Labour Based on the explanation from World English Dictionary, it says that semi-skilled labour is party skilled or trained but not sufficiently to perform specialized work. Semi-skilled worker need some skills to do work but does not require doing the complex work. 2.1.3 Unskilled Labour Investopedia explained that a segment of the work force associated with a low skill level or a limited economic value for the work performed (human capital). Unskilled labour is generally characterised by low education levels and low wages. Work that requires no specific education or experience is often available to workers who fail into the unskilled labour. 2.2 Construction in the Eyes of Local Workforce. Evidence from different place of the world indicate that construction workers do not view thier employment in a very favorable light. Construction is viewed by almost everywhere as a low status job. In many other countries, either rich or poor, people work in construction out of necessity and not out of choice. Almost universally they wish for better things for their next generation. (ILO,2001) In construction industry, a lot of workers with different level such as skilled labour, semi-skilled and unskilled labour. But most of the people view construction industry as dirty job as well as dangerous jobs. Some even said the construction industry is unattractive job. (Nazib Faizal, 2012) In Malaysia, young workforce would rather unemployed than work in the construction industry. Official estimates put foreign labours at 80% of the entire construction workforce in 1992 (Abdul Aziz, 2001) 2.3 The Factors of Local Workforce Less Interested in Construction 2.3.1 Poor Image in the Eyes of Workforce Local young generation workforce has a poor view to construction industry. They just thought that the nature of work of construction is dirty, difficult and dangerous. But the real reason why construction work is so poorly regarded has much more to do with the term on which labour is recruited than the nature itself. For many construction workers around the world the term of employment have always been poor (ILO,2001) In Malaysia, accidents on construction sites always happened. Such as, sometimes we can hear or saw the news about site accident due to nature disaster(soil erosion) that caused workers seriously injured or even dead. Accidents on Construction sites are too common that everyone has come to accept them as an unavoidable characteristic of the industry. This situation is attribute to the casual terms of employment, the commitment of illegal foreign workers and the non-coverage of workers under nation insurance scheme (Abdul Aziz,1995) Next, reason of Malaysian are not willing to take up this job because it is danger to personal safety by construction work. Statistics from the social Security Organisation (SOCSO) showed that on the average, 5,000 accidents occurred in construction sites annually between 2000 and 2004. This figure stands about 5% to 6.5% of the total number of accident reported over the period. An average of 80 workers was killed in such accidents (Fong Chan Onn, 2006) Based on the inspection which conducted by Department of Safety and Health (DOSH), they found out that the major factor of accidents happened at site is contributed by lack of awareness on safety and health. They rate the safety and health of the construction site is not fulfill the satisfaction. Besides, often, workers are not comply with the rules and regulations of safety and health at the sites. This can cause much more serious injury or even depth happen. During accidents happen at the construction site, the workers are not only the one who injured, but also may cause injured or death to the public. So, all of these accidents had spoiled the image of construction industry. 2.3.2 Lack of Training and Skill Formation In construction industry, young, educated and experience workers are hard to find. This is because nowadays, young workforce has less experience and low skill. This is contributed by when they are in college or university, school provide less practical to them instead of theory. Even though students are provide to industrial training, but they cannot learn so much due to few reasons. Firstly, industrial training period is too short which they cannot manage to learn everything. Secondly is, the senior are unable to thrust trainees work as they are inexperience. Seniors worry that trainees work, so they do not dare to give heavy duty to trainee. Thirdly, Senior workers are too busy with their work which caused they have no time to teach the trainee. All of these are contribute to poor skill of young generation. In Malaysia, the problem that often sighted is the passing of skills through informal apprenticeship is often kept within family, clan or tribe and when circumstances dictate that skills should be transferred to outsiders they may be some dilution, with not all skilled passed on (Abdul Aziz,2001) For Malaysian, they always change company when they are offered with higher salary. So, the company has to hire new workers and re-train them. Training workers are very costly and time consuming. So when contractor is bidding for a project, he might raise the price of their bids which could make the contractor unable to compete with others. 2.3.3 Unattractive Jobs The other reason of local young workforces are not attracted by this job is because there are already a lot of foreign workers doing this job. The image of this job is already spoiled by the foreign because foreigners are normally with low skills and poor educational background. So, local young workforce might think that they were hired as unskilled and low education, therefore, they do not want to be look down by other friends and parents. This caused the local refused to join construction industry. As the result, construction industry need to hire more foreign workers to keep moving forward. In Malaysia, official estimates put foreign labours at 80% of entire construction workforce in 1992 (Abdul Aziz,2001) This situation again will cause the entire construction industry lack of local workers. 2.3.4 Poor Site Accommodations and Services In Malaysias construction industry, contractor has a common practice which is providing temporary accommodation on the site for workers to stay. The temporary accommodation is usually made up from timber and zinc. This type of accommodation was less conducive to most of the Malaysian Workers. This is also one of the reason why Malaysian workers are shying away from the construction sector and consider employment in the construction sector as not dignified enough (CIDB News, 2009) Besides, the services and facilities at sites provided by some contractors are not good enough. 2.3.5 Low Salary In Malaysia, the salary for site labour are consider low. Because in construction industry, they hired too many foreign workers which is pay in very low rate. But Local workforce are requesting higher salary. In this case, contractor would rather hire foreign workers as they accept low salary. As for the demand in high salary, local workers were lured overseas country such as Singapore, Taiwan and Japan. There is where they were paid a much more higher salary based on their skills. This is the reason of our construction industry relied on foreign work force. 2.3.5.1 Factors Influenced The Labour Salary (1) Location Location can influence the salary of labour. For the place such as city area that has more projects especially infrastructure project, the need of labour are higher compared to rural area which have less project. Since the city area has higher living standard, the amount of money used per day also high. So for the city labour, local workforce cannot accept such low salary offered in construction industry in city area. Unlike, rural area labour can accept low salary, because their living standard are lower which do not need high salary. (2) Competition among the contractors Contractors receive a project by tendering, to win a tender, their tender pricing must more reasonable low. Normally, Client would like to have a lower cost project. So, for the contractor to able to compete with others, they will firstly lower their construction cost by reducing labours salary. (3) Risky Project For every project, there is risk in between. For larger project or higher building, the risk will be higher since it face to more technical machinery and higher floor level when workers are doing their work. Such as higher building need higher scaffolding, therefore it is more dangerous when it goes higher. So to prevent contractor from losing more money from accident, contractor therefore buy insurance to cover the workers. Beside, contractor need high skilled workers to handle a much more dangerous situation. High skilled workers are much more expensive compared to unskilled or semi skilled workers. All of these are affecting the cost of labour and cost of construction. (4) Labours Market For most of the local labour cannot fulfill domestic demands such as the working duration, not durable under sunlight, and stamina is not that good. Thus government allow foreign labour to be imported to fulfill the demand of constrcution industry. This is because foreign labour such as Indonesian, they are more durable under the sun and have good stamina and importantly they can accept low wages. In this situation, foreign labour wage is much lower than the local labours, thus many contractor take foreign worker to reduce their wages expenses. 2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Poor Participation of Local Labour 2.4.1 Advantages of Poor Participation of Local Labour In recent years, there has been a big problem that the foreign workers have caused economic problems in Malaysia. However, it is not to reject the positive impacts of foreign labour on economic issues. Assuming that there are many problems the evidences, (Chan Moha, 1998) indicated that there are also direct and positive impacts of the foreign workers. The foreign workers have benefited in the income development. Foreign workers were immensely beneficial to the economy. This shows the positive quantitative contribution of foreign workers to Malaysians economic growth. The implications of foreign workers on the Malaysian economy have been immense especially since the late 1980s (Zehadul et al, 1999) Wage structure is one of the significant role in maintaining lower wage levels. This also indicated Sidney (1996), foreign labour offer an endless stream of cheap labour that can keep wages low and growth high. Generally speaking, foreign workers contribute to the economy by supplying a cheaper labour force. As a matter of fact, foreign workers usually receive a lower salary than local workers and the difference can help to maintain the decrease in production cost. As stated by Oleg (2002) that the attracting cheap workforce means cutting production costs, hence the production cost for construction development is kept low which is an advantage in the foreign workers. Malaysia, which have seriously shortages of workforce in construction industry, by importation of foreign workers could minimize the workforce shortage problem. The supply of this additional labour force fulfilled the urgent demand for labour which could not be met so quickly and at a cheaper rate Here, importantly the foreign workers accepted those jobs which are rejected by the local workers especially the construction jobs that known as 3Ds job. Moreover, if we assume that the foreign workers are equally productive as the local workers, one can safely say that foreign workers make net positive contributions. It has already been brought to our notice that the value added of dollar spent on labour in Malaysia is around 5 times in the manufacturing sector (Ghosh, 1998). If this is true, then there are sufficient positive value-added effects of foreign workers in the Malaysia economy. 2.4.2 Disadvantages of Poor Participation of Local Labour 2.4.2.1 Hiring Foreign Labour in Construction Industry and The Impacts Poor participation of local labour can caused the contractor is being forced to hire foreign labour. Generally, local people tend to feel that foreign workers are contributing problems in the country and economy. Malaysia Construction industry firms were experiencing various problems due to foreign labour. Recently, the problem of foreign labour in construction industry is as follow: a) Cultural Pollution Most foreign workers are peaceful. They want to earn money to send homeland for their family. In most cases, concern over foreign labour is linked to anxieties over what some have characterised as cultural pollution and over foreignisation (Weiner, 1990). They may change the cultural and social orders of the normal practice of the locals in construction industry. b) Social Problem Legal and illegal foreign labour also contribute to many social problems and make the impacts on the locals. They create many social problems like spread of diseases, theft, robbery, cheating, killings, illegal settlement and so on. They form syndicates. If there are no syndicates, legal and illegal immigrants cannot arrive in Malaysia. According to Tey (1997), as shown by unpublised police records at the police headquarters in Bukit Aman, between 1985 and 1991, foreign labour accounted for between 14.7% and 18.2% of all murders commited in the country. The figure for gang roberry was between 32.7% to 48.2%. c) Economic Issues The foreign workers have an impact on the wage structure, labour market, competition with locals. Another perceived bad impact is the high remittances sent out by foreign workers to their home countries. Foreign workers also thought to be responsible for the higher rate of inflation because of their increased demand. They enjoy public goods without paying taxes and user fees. As such they become free-riders in the Malaysia economy. They are ensured health and other facilities with free. However it cannot be rejected that the use of temporary foreign labour enables the rapidly growing economics and societies to fulfill manpower needs in dead-end, low status, low wage sectors of the economy such as construction sectors (Zehadulet al, 1999). d) Low Wages for Local Workers and Taking jobs away from Locals Womens Workers Association President Silam Hassan (2004) Claimed the problem of foreign workers stemmed from the Governments open policy which drew large numbers of outsiders to the extent that local workers had compete with them for jobs. As a result of the inflow of foreign workers in the construction industry, the wage rate for local workers has gone down simultaneously. Because of poor participation of local workers, the foreign workers are slowly taking over the work from locals. In construction industry, the foreign worker going into sub-contracting work, where there is a lot of money to be made. Besides, the presence of illegals create problems also since illegals are not limitted by rules and regulations and are free to infiltrate into any jobs so long as the employers are willing to accept them. e) Foreign Labour Caused Works Delay Construction industry is labour intensive industry, but due to poor participation of local labours, construction industry is depending on large number of foreign labour. According to Economic Report 2003/2004, The new Immigration Act 1995/63 (Amendment 2002), which came into effect on 1st August 2002, about 318,300 illegal immigrants were deported in 2002. This has caused construction activities in all stages to slow down. Consequently, there was a labour crunch that cause costly work delays. In a move intended to reduce dependence on foreign labour and increase employment opportunities for locals, the government has shortened the validity period of work permits to 3 years. The policy change will seriously affect human resource planning in construction industry and caused delay of works. f) Low Productivity and quality due time consuming to train new workers In the reduction of the duration of work permits for foreign workers from 6 or 7 years to only 3 years had caused deterioration in the poor quality of workmanship and low productivity. This is because foreign labours that had 3 years experience may be replaced by those do have prior construction experience, thus resulting in low productivity and poor quality of work and time consuming on teaching the inexperience labours. Some of them were not able to cope with new experience of working on large-scale projects. Abdul Rahim (2009) also mentioned that the lack of quality foreign labour that have been hired is one of the main problems in construction industry. The companies that lose workers will need to hire new ones, who are likely to be unskilled and inexperienced. That means the employers have to spend time and resources to train these new workers. As indicated in Master Builder (Abdul Rahim, 2009), upon commencement, the foreign labour would require another 2. to 3 months to go through an orientation or learning curve period before they become productive. Furthermore, on-the-job training will take around seven to eight months then only the foreign workers will begin to contribute to company. To some extent, the training was difficult, as most foreign labour were paid daily wages and were reluctant to undergo training due to loss pay. g) Heavy Expenses in the Recruitment Process and Long Permit Processing Times Malaysia introduced harsh new immigration laws, thus the construction industry is suffering from an acute shortage of foreign workers throughout the nation. As a result, this has caused construction industry activities to be delayed albeit contractors trying to best of their endeavours to recruit new workforce. The central problem now appears to be the long processing time taken by the authorities to grant the foreign work permit (Abdul Rahim, 2009) Contractors securing new jobs have problems mobilizing new workers on time, due to this long work permit or recruitment process. Based on Abdul Rahman, (2009) he also mentioned that base on current experience, it takes about 2-3 months on a best case scenario to go through the entire administrative process, commencing from obtaining a work permit from the ministry of Home Affairs to the foreign workers gaining physical entry into Malaysia to work. Thus, it is not cost effective to send foreign workers home after the permit period (3 years) because of heavy expenses in the recruitment process. Meanwhile, the process to bring in foreign workers is tedious and time consuming. Besides, a lot of cost is involved in medical examinations, transportation and levies. Therefore, there is pressure in the system for employers to employ illegal foreign labour and to dodge the levies and charges which are incurred on the employment of legal foreign labour. 2.5 Strategies to improve the participation of local labour in the construction industry. 2.5.1 Cut Foreign Labour via Minimum Wage System Recently, there was no national minimum wage law applicable to the Malaysia in construction industry. Basic wage rates vary according to location and vay from company to company (MIDA,2009). The government should implement the minimum wage scheme in all job sectors to reduce the intake foreign workers and so that it can attract local labour with the standard wages. The scheme has to be enforced as the increasing the number of foreign workers in the country was only benefiting the employers and agencies that brought the workers in. The employers who took the workers in. The employers who took the workers in were only interested in cheap labour. This phenomenon was expected since the employers were more inclined to hire foreign workers who were prepared to accept low wages. But with the implement of the minimum wage scheme, contractors might have no choice but to employ local labour. Besides, with the wage control system, the local labour will accpet the wage rate. Furthermore, the quality of work will improve since local labour were mostly graduate with at least diploma level. 2.5.2 Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) The government encouragement to all employers to mechanise and move into less labour intensive process has not achieved the desired result. On the contrary, the demand for the foreign labour is increasing by the day. (Rydgren, 2004) The majority of foreign labour brought into the construction industry were wet trade labour involved in concrete, brick, and wood works. To reduce construction industry dependence on such foreign labour, we must change the way we work by reducing wet trade in the construction process. This could be achieved through implementation of the Industrialised Building Systems (IBS) Roadmap 2003-2010. By combining IBS with modern management technologies, the local skilled workers would fill the vacancies. They should adapt high technology to lessen the dependence on foreign manpower. CIDB would give free training to locals so that they can replace the foreign manpower and help the construction sector move towards using new technologies. The IBS Roadmap promises to reduce the number of workers at construction sites, usage of material and wastage. Conventional technology that is being used needs a lot of manpower, causing us to be dependent on foreign workers who are mostly unskilled. As a result, not only is the quality of workmanship being compromised but we also lose out in terms of money flowing out the country. With the IBS, wet trade workers can be reduced and construction world is now beginning to recognise the reduced and construction works focused on the use of the mechanisation and prefabrication. Besides, the construction world is now beginning to recognise the advantages to be gained by integrating fabricated steel and precast concrete with site cast concrete, much less labour is required on building sites. This result in the hidden cost of moving labour around tall or large buildings being lower (Peter, 2004). The Government even stopped offering incentives to labour-intensive firms, tuning its attention instead to developing of strategic high technology industries (Rajah, 2001) 2.6 Summary 2.1.1 Skilled Labour High skill level , high perfomance, high education, expertise, experienced and high wages 2.1.2 Semi-skilled labour Partly skilled or trained, not sufficient to perform specialised work. Do not in

Exercise Prescription :: Exercise Physiology

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Date of Birth: 09/01/77   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sex: Female   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Height: 61†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Weight: 113 lbs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Resting Heart Rate: 58 bpm  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Health problems or injuries: Previous lower back injuries  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Medications that may influence heart rate: None  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Risk of cardiovascular or orthopedic injury: None  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Individual preferences for exercise: Jogging, swimming, hiking, mountain biking, resistance ball, free weights, yoga  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Individual dislikes for exercise:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stationary bike, treadmill, some weight machines  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Individual program objectives and goals: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maintain health 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase core strength 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase lean body mass 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Decrease body fat percentage 5)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 months to train for triathlon: Need to increase speed and endurance in running, biking, and swimming  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Opportunities Live close-by gym with pool, weights, and aerobics classes Live close by running and biking trail Gym available at both jobs  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Barriers Varied work schedule Sometimes need partner or personal trainer for motivation  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Expected Results â€Å"After 5 months of training I expect to be moderately stronger and more efficient in all areas of activity as well as see a reduction in body fat and an increase in lean body mass.† Cardiovascular/Respiratory Training Schedule Warm-up: Before Running: Do 5 minutes of light walking. Before Bicycling: Do 1 set of 10-15 of stationary lunges without weights and do leg stretches (including quadriceps, hamstrings, calves and glutes). Before Swimming: Do full-body stretching with 5 minutes freestyle swimming. Cool Down: After Running: Do 5 minutes of light walking and stretch all leg muscles. After Bicycling: Do 5 minutes of light cycling and stretch all leg muscles. After Swimming: Do 5 minutes of easy freestyle swimming and do full-body stretches for flexibility. Running Exercise #  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sets  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type R1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Light run R2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intervals – alternating 1 min. light run w/ 1 min. moderate run R3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moderate Run Bicycling Exercise #  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sets  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type B1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Light cycling B2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Intervals – alternating 1 min. light cycling w/ 1 min. moderate cycling B3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moderate cycling Swimming Exercise #  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Time  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sets  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Type S1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breast stroke, butterfly, back stroke, freestyle S2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breast stroke, butterfly, back stroke, freestyle S3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  30 minutes  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Breast stroke, butterfly, back stroke, freestyle L1: 30-45 minutes of any exercise above at intervals (1 min. light/1 min. moderate). If swimming, do 1 lap light/1 lap moderate intervals. Week #  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mon.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tues.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wed.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thurs.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fri.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sat.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sun. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  *R1, B1, S1, R2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  *R3, S2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ---  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  *B2, S3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  *L1, B3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  --- *Note: Each exercise does not have to be done simultaneously. Because of varied work schedule and other activities, spread exercises according to amount of free time. Core Strength Training Warm-up: Do 5 a minute walk or do 5 minutes of the movements of the following exercises without the weight and so light full-body stretches.

Apple brand Essay

Apple Inc. uses the Apple brand to compete across several highly competitive markets, including the personal computer industry with its Macintosh line of computers and related software, the consumer electronics industry with products such as the iPod, digital music distribution through its iTunes Music Store, the smart phone market with the Apple iPhone, magazine, book, games and applications publishing via the AppsStore for iPhone and the iPad tablet computing device, and movie and TV content distribution with Apple TV. For marketers, the company is also establishing a very strong presence to rival Google in the advertising market, via its Apps business and iAd network. Steve Jobs, Apple’s co-Founder, described Apple as a â€Å"mobile devices company† – the largest one in the world (Apple’s revenues are bigger than Nokia, Samsung, or Sony’s mobility business). For several years Apple’s product strategy involved creating innovative products and services aligned with a â€Å"digital hub† strategy, whereby Apple Macintosh computer products function as the digital hub for digital devices, including the Apple iPod, personal digital assistants, cellular phones, digital video and still cameras, and other electronic devices. More recently, the full impact of a very well throught out brand strategy has come into focus – and one in which customer experience is central: the Mac is no longer the hub of all things Apple. Now, Apple offers a harmonised, synchronised, and integrated user experience across all of its main devices (iPad, iPhone, and Mac), using iCloud as the hub. It is in the process of extending this experience outside Apple-controled environments by introducing deep integration with Facebook and Twitter on iPad, iPhone and Mac. Apple’s core competence is delivering exceptional experience through superb user interfaces. The company’s product strategy is based around this, with iTunes, the iPhone (with it’s touch screen â€Å"gestures† that are re-used on the iPad), and the Apple Apps store all playing key roles.

Mother Tongue Essay

Society often influences the identity of an individual through different factors, one of which is language. â€Å"The power of language can evoke an emotion, a visual image, a complex idea, or a simple truth† (FYR: 84). Language is used daily in our lives, and therefore plays a significant role in shaping our identity. The narrative â€Å"Mother Tongue† depicts the variations of the English language, and the nature of talk. Amy Tan also shares the story of her mother’s â€Å"broken† English and how this limited her perception of hers mother’s communication with others. Language can be developed both through environment, and one’s personal experiences. The power of language is essential in the way we express and communicate with one another. We all grow up surrounded by different forms of English speaking, which is due to the atmosphere we are raised in. As denoted in the narrative Amy Tan says â€Å"But I do think that the language spoken in family, especially in immigrant families which is more insular, plays a large role in shaping the language of the child†. (FYR: 87) Coming from an immigrant family myself I can concur with the opinion of Amy Tan. My mother like that of Amy Tan speaks â€Å"broken† English and I too am so accustomed to it, I have no trouble understanding her. However, all do not understand my mother’s language since it’s not the â€Å"proper† fluent English many people are familiar with. My mother is at disadvantage to obtain equal opportunities and services due to the language barrier society impose. My relationship with my mother at home perhaps adds to the difficulty she has when speaking English. Instead of helping my mother improve her English I become impatient and tell her â€Å" mom forget it, you’re not pronouncing it right† and begin speaking to her in Spanish. Holding back from speaking English with my mother will not help her progress from her â€Å"broken† English and it is selfish of me to do so. I want my mother to be able to progress so she can be able to defend herself from all the assumptions that surround being a middle class Hispanic woman. My mother has come a long way breaking down several barriers and I am sure language will be no exception. Perhaps, my mothers English will not be impeccable, but I admire her everything else she has excelled in. Therefore, I am not ashamed of my mother English because she embraces it in a way that is suitable and convenient to her. It is very difficult to speak only one form of English when your audience varies from time to time. We have different ways when approaching family, friends, and professors, which depicts our commitment to diversity. If we all spoke the same way toward everyone it would take away from our identity. As Amy Tan share â€Å"I happen to be rebellious in nature and enjoy the challenge of disproving assumptions made about me†(FYR: 88). Her motivation allows us believe that breaking away from the norms soc to envision ourselves breaking away from the norms society This was a very motivating quote for me because it allows me see that breaking from the norms society has for you is achievable. Our identity is shaped around qualities that make us feel accepted in society. Language is a daily tool used differently amongst one another in order to communicate. Our nature of talk characters the way we see, express, and make sense of the world. Language should not be an obstacle between one another’s communication; instead it should be an opportunity to learn about the diverse tongues in this world. Although all tongues are distinct from one another, it ultimately helps us embrace our true identities or as Amy Tans will refer to it our â€Å"mother tongue†.

6 Things You Must Do Before That Successful Interview

6 Things You Must Do Before That Successful Interview Getting an interview feels like a victory, doesn’t it? It means you’re one step closer to that job, and makes a black-and-white online job posting seem like more of a reality. After you do your happy I-got-the-interview dance, it’s time to start thinking ahead for the interview itself. Here are six things you can do ahead of time to set yourself up right for the big day.1. Plan your outfit.This doesn’t just apply to fashionistas. Figuring out ahead of time what you’ll be wearing can take one major thing off your mind the day of the interview. It also lets you plan ahead for small (but crucial) touches like making sure your clothes are cleaned and pressed on time or that your lucky interview shoes are shined up and ready to walk into the room like a boss.2. Get your talking points in order.Review the job listing, and remind yourself how your skills and experience dovetail with what the company’s seeking in this role. Then, be sure to practice working those into a conversation. Naturally.  No one wants to be hit with a barrage of canned-sounding bullet points†¦ especially if you were asked to name a few of your strengths, and you respond with a memorized monologue about your achievements from your last job.3. Take another pass at your resume.You should have reviewed your resume before you applied for the job (please tell me you did!), but even so, take a fresh look at it. Is there anything you can tighten up before you walk into the interview as an ambassador for yourself and your work achievements? Once you feel good about the content and of your resume and have caught every typo, make sure to print copies (on high-quality paper, whenever possible) to take with you on interview day.4. Put on your researcher hat.Learn as much as you possibly can about the company before you go in. Can you tell anything about their corporate culture from their social media accounts? Have they been in the news for anything lately? If there’s been a scandal, obviously don’t eagerly bring it up in the interview. But if the company has been involved in something cool or newsworthy, it’s good to have that info stored and ready to go.5. Practice your smile.Spend a few moments rehearsing your interview smile in the mirror each night before you go to bed. Work on your most confident, pleasant smile, and be ready to break it out for every  person you meet during the interview (receptionists, assistants, interviewers). You can also practice with loved ones, or take some selfies to review and find the best â€Å"hire me† grin.6. Have your thank-you letters ready to go.The night before your interview, type up a template for your thank-you notes to your interviewers. That way, after you walk out of the interview you just have to enter a few crucial details (the person’s name, email address, and ideally a specific reference or two to the conversation you had), then hit send. Easy peasy.A little extra care and planning as you get ready for the interview can be the edge you need to get you to that next step: the job offer. After all, the interview is the only thing keeping you from an even better happy dance: the I-got-the-job one.

Retail manaement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Retail manaement - Essay Example The proposed complex will have one department store and 40 other spaces of which many will be for office buildings. The boutique will encounter low competition which is a very positive factor. The Downtown Arcade also has its downside. The developers are placing an 8% corporate tax levy on all sales after $225,000. These types of taxes are common occurrences at malls, but it is a bit high and the $225,000 application tax point is too low. This area has been a business ghost town for over 50 years. There is a lot of uncertainly if the area can be transformed into a high level business activity area. The second potential location is called Tenderloin village. The place is an urban area in which there is business activity. The location has a lot benefits. The space is available for $1250 a month for a 900 square area lot. The contract is a short two year contract which gives the business owner flexibility. There are not extra charges related to large complex buildings. The landlord is a person Stephanie knows and trusts. The location has its disadvantages as well. There are three other small clothing stores in the area, so there is competition. The store is located in the basement of a home, thus the location has visibility issues and limited parking. The levels of walking traffic for this location are possibly low. The third location is called Appletree Mall which is an established mall with 8 years of existence. This location provides benefits for Stephanie’s boutique. The mall has lots of clientele and plenty of visitors. The sales of the mall went up by 12% last year. The space available is larger than the other lots with an overall space of 1200 square feet. The boutique would receive a large amount of walk-by traffic to the store which generates lots of sales. The mall is located just off an interstate highway which brings additional customers which are not necessarily residents of the region. The Appletree Mall also has its

Health Care Utilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Health Care Utilization - Essay Example Health is a basic necessity and must be provided equally to those who need it regardless of race, locality, gender, or social status in life. Health care has become effective in treating diseases and disorders, in saving lives, and in improving the quality of life; however, the cost of health care has also become expensive for Americans. President Barack Obama believes on the provision of accessible and quality health care to all Americans; thus, on March 23, 2010, he made the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act into a law (Jacobs & Skocpol, 2012, 1). The ideal nature of the health care reform under the Obama administration is the center of debate as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was viewed as expansive, ambitious, and unconstitutional. The best way to gauge the effectiveness of the current health care reform is to compare it with the previous legislations and provisions. To determine the different ways on how have recent health care reform measures expanded or inhibited access to care, we will discuss thoroughly the revolution of health care in the United States. First, previous health care is based on an insurance model as old as the Hammurabi’s code. There is a basic insurance policy where premiums from policyholders are pooled (Jacobs & Skocpol, 2012, 3). When somebody gets sick, the cost of the medical care will be paid from the pool. Therefore, this model inhibited access to care because majority of the benefits goes through the sickest patients while the healthiest members got the least. Second, the Bureau of Veterans Affairs worked on expanding a fully nationalized health care because of increasing number of commercial insurance companies (Parks, 2012, 3). The bill works by getting reimbursements from public and private insurers with charges and co-pays that don’t apply to all veterans. There are coverage limitations, however, health care has been expanded to a number of veterans, administrators,